Contact

• workRoom EB14 E-Block
  Malaysia Campus
  Jalan Broga
  43500 Semenyih
  Selangor Darul Ehsan
  Malaysia
• work+6 (03) 8924 8298
• CheeMeng.Tan@nottingham.edu.my
• https://sites.google.com/site/cheemengtan/

Biography

Chee Meng is a political economist who is also an expert in Chinese foreign policy and soft power.

As an Assistant Professor of Business Economics at the 188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@ of Nottingham Malaysia, he writes frequently about China's geopolitical aspirations and how this affects the world and vice-versa. Aside from panda diplomacy, which he is an expert on, Chee Meng has also commented and written articles on how a second Trump presidency would impact China's ambitions, and how China might counter US tariffs with its own set of economic weapons.

Some of his writings can be found on prominent current affairs outlet 'The Conversation'.

Chee Meng is also heavily involved in public discourse. Aside from advising governmental entities, his commentaries often appear in both local and global media and can be found in such outlets as Malaysia's national news agency Bernama, the Washington Post, the BBC, CNN, NBC News, TRT World, DW, the South China Morning Post (SCMP), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), Channel News Asia (CNA), the Straits Times, and so on.

Chee Meng has also appeared on two documentaries on 'panda diplomacy', underscoring his expertise in this area. The first was produced by the prominent US science radio show, Science Friday, titled "How 'Panda Diplomacy' Led To Conservation Success" . The second was by Channel News Asia', entitled "The Power Of Pandas In China-Southeast Asia Relations".

He holds a Ph.D in economics from renown French business school, ESSEC, and a doctorate in economics from the 188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@ of Cergy-Pontoise, which is now known as CY Cergy Paris 188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@.

Expertise Summary

I work on institutional and political economic topics. My main expertise includes topics related to China's soft power and infrastructure investment, and have extensive expertise on panda diplomacy, which I have been sought by media regularly to discuss on.

I am also an expert in multilevel analysis (MLM), which is a method frequently used in both the sciences and social sciences to study data structures with a hierarchical or nested nature. I am regularly sought by outlets to review papers related to MLM, as experts on this important method is somewhat lacking.

Alongside my MLM skills, I have also applied my political economics expertise on various topics in cultural and social psychology, and have published my work in good quality journals that are ranked highly on the Academic Journal Guide or AJG, and the Australian Business Dean's Council Journal Quality List (ABDC)

Teaching Summary

I teach the following in 2021/2022

Autumn Semester

1. Quantitative methods 2a (BUSI2055)

2. Industrial Economics 3: Market Structure and Competition Policy (BUSI3164)

Spring Semester

1. Industrial Economics 4: Games and Strategy (BUSI3165)

2. Industrial Economics 5: Economics of Regulation and Public Choice (BUSI3166)

188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@ Summary

I am a political economist by training and have expertise in Chinese soft power, as well as social and cultural psychology. Much of my work looks at how the intersection between politics and culture… read more

Selected Publications

• TAN, C. M., OWUAMALAM, C. K. and NG, P. K, 2021. Stay at home, protect the NHS and save lives! Confidence in government moderates the negative effects of staying at home on mental health. Personality and Individual Differences. 179, 110948
• TSEN, M. K., GU, M, TAN, C. M. and S. K. GOH, 2021. Effect of Flexible Work Arrangements on Turnover Intention: Does Job Independence Matter? International Journal of Sociology. 1-22
• TAN, C. M., 2020. Infrastructure investment and China's image problem in Southeast Asia
• 2020. China's belt and road: an environmental disaster for Southeast Asia? . South China Morning Post. 01/01/1900 00:00:00

• View all publications

?????MEDIA ENGAGEMENT

1. The Daily Beast. (2022, March 9). N.Y. Rep's Quest for Pandas May Become a Giant Cross to Bear. https://www.thedailybeast.com/new-york-rep-carolyn-maloney-wants-panda-bears-for-central-park-zoo-but-they-come-with-panda-diplomacy
2. The Washington Post. (2023, September 28). China takes back pandas from zoos in U.S., U.K. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/28/pandas-returning-china-dc-zoo/
3. Scripps News. (2023, October 20). China is taking back all pandas in the US. Will they ever return? https://scrippsnews.com/stories/china-is-taking-back-all-pandas-in-the-us-will-they-ever-return/
4. NBC News. (2023, November 5). With return of three pandas to China, U.S. could soon have none. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pandas-national-zoo-china-rcna123456
5. ABC Listen. (2023, November 6). Restoring Australia's lobster exports to China is a key priority for Prime Minister Anthony Albanese but today his mind will also be on two pandas living on borrowed time at Adelaide Zoo. https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/radionational-drive/panda-diplomacy/103071044
6. ABC NewsRadio. (2023, December 28).
7. The Wire China. (2023, December 31). China's Adorable Diplomats. https://www.thewirechina.com/2023/12/31/chinas-adorable-diplomats-pandas-china/
8. TRT WORLD. (2024, April 4). Fans in South Korea say goodbye to giant panda Fu Bao. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCmeSZzVVUE
9. CNN. (2024, April 26). China confirms it is sending two pandas to San Diego Zoo in U.S. Retrived from https://edition.cnn.com/videos/spanish/2024/04/29/china-envia-pandas-eeuu-trax.cnn.
10. Weekendavisen. (2024, May 2). Hvor kuglelejerne st?bes (where the ballbearings are cast). Retrieved from https://www.weekendavisen.dk/2024-18/udland/hvor-kuglelejerne-stoebes
11. Weekendavisen. (2024, June 21). Dyrek?bte relationer (Animal ties). Retrieved from https://www.weekendavisen.dk/2024-25/udland/dyrekoebte-relationer
12. Domino Theory. (2024, June 21). Pangolin Diplomacy: How Taiwan's Pangolins Came to Prague. Retrieved from https://dominotheory.com/pangolin-diplomacy-how-taiwans-pangolins-came-to-prague/
13. NBC News. (2024, June 26). 'Toxic' panda fans in China call for keeping the bears at home. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/toxic-fans-china-panda-diplomacy-rcna158238
14. Dagens Industri. (2024, June 26). Pakt mellan Ryssland och Nordkorea skapar oro i Kina (Pact between Russia and North Korea creates concern in China). Retrieved from https://www.di.se/nyheter/pakt-mellan-ryssland-och-nordkorea-skapar-oro-i-kina/
15. Dagens Industri. (2024, August 9). Succén efter krisen - b?rsen har ?kat mest i Asien (The success after the crisis - the stock market has increased the most in Asia). Retrieved from https://www.di.se/nyheter/succen-efter-krisen-borsen-har-okat-mest-i-asien/
16. DW News. (2024, August 24). China Lends Panda Under Panda diplomacy.
17. Radio Television Hong Kong. (2024, September 12). Panda Diplomacy. Retrieved from https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/news-programmes/this-episode.htm?cmsid=120&episode_id=982440&livetime=20241022000000
18. Straits Times. (2024, Noveber 8). Anwar promotes Asean as gateway on third visit to China, ahead of Malaysia's chairmanship of group. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/anwar-promotes-asean-as-gateway-on-third-visit-to-china-ahead-of-malaysias-chairmanship-of-group
19. Lusa News Agency (2024, November 6). China dividida entre custos económicos e geopolíticos de cada candidato - analista Retrieved from https://jtm.com.mo/actual/china-dividida-entre-custos-economicos-geopoliticos-de-cada-candidato-analista/
20. Medill on the Hill (2024, October 24). China's "national treasures": What's next for panda diplomacy?. Retrieved from https://x.com/gundemedairhs/status/1882410418498408893
21. Weekendavisen (2024, November 7). Kaos og business. Retrieved from https://www.weekendavisen.dk/udland/kaos-og-business
22. Dagens Industri (2024, October 11). Investerarna kan st? inf?r ett brutalt uppvaknande. Retrieved from https://www.di.se/nyheter/investerarna-kan-sta-infor-ett-brutalt-uppvaknande/
23. Dagens Industri (2024, December 17). D?rf?r flyr investerarna Kina - "kommer forts?tta falla". Retrieved from https://www.di.se/nyheter/darfor-flyr-investerarna-kina-kommer-fortsatta-falla/
24. Dagens Industri (2025, January 17). Experten: Xi nobbar Trumps installation - vill inte bli utsk?md. Retrieved from https://www.di.se/nyheter/experten-xi-nobbar-trumps-installation-vill-inte-bli-utskamd/
25. Dagens Industri (2024, March 18). Trumps t?rta sv?rsm?lt f?r Xi. Retrieved from https://www.di.se/nyheter/trumps-tarta-svarsmalt-for-xi/
26. Ara (2025, January 2). La guerra del xip: com DeepSeek canvia la partida. Retrieved from https://www.ara.cat/economia/tecnologia/guerra-xip-deepseek-canvia-partida_130_5269899.html?giveAway=dLJuYErq1eOcXpVR
27. GDH (2025, January 23). ?in-Türkiye ili?kileri, Trump'a ra?men derinle?ecek. Retrieved from https://x.com/gundemedairhs/status/1882410418498408893
28. Egtesaad (2025, February 27). Could China's economic model save Iran's economy? Retrieved from https://eghtesaad24.ir/fa/news/285635/
29. Dagens Industri (2025, April 3). Kina uppges stoppa direktinvesteringar i USA. Retrieved from https://www.di.se/nyheter/kina-uppges-stoppa-direktinvesteringar-i-usa/
30. GDH (2025, April 7). ABD KAPANIRKEN, ??N D?NYAYA A?ILIYOR. Retrieved from https://x.com/gundemedairhs/status/1909194918221717769
31. BBC Business (2025, April 9). Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/posts/chee-meng-tan-83a10228b_trump-tariffs-china-activity-7321699546206560256-YkM_?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAAEZRDi4B5Bu1_M4O2NvYdp6ARPCjMdvDPRU
32. CBC News (2025, April 14). CBC's Marianne Dimain speaks with Professor Chee Meng Tan about the U.S.-China trade war. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/video/9.6722181
33. Weekendavisen (2025, April 15). Sl?ve knive. Retrieved from https://www.weekendavisen.dk/2025-16/udland/sloeve-knive
34. CGTN (2025, April 16). Xi 188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@s Malaysia: Policymakers, scholars and experts stress importance of closer ties ahead of Chinese leader's visit. Retrieved from https://news.cgtn.com/news/2025-04-17/VHJhbnNjcmlwdDg0MDU0/index.html
35. CGTN (2025, April 17). Xi 188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@s Malaysia: President Xi reaffirms China's support for Malaysia as ASEAN Chair. Retrieved from https://news.cgtn.com/news/2025-04-16/VHJhbnNjcmlwdDg0MDI3/index.html
36. Bernama TV (2025, April 19). Xi Jinping's Historic 188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@ to Malaysia | The Nation ASEAN+. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xr3XqDoX40&t=350s
37. Bernama TV (2025, April 25). China's Call To End Tariffs?. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGihqjNFD2I
38. Bernama TV (2025, May 5). Malaysia-U.S. Trade: Cooperation Amidst Tariff. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=749iXuyCdr0&t=319s

Documentaries

1. Lim, S. (Director). (2024). The Power Of Pandas In China-Southeast Asia Relations [Film; online video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyxC1YdQlzY&t=577s
2. Aridi, R. (Producer). (2023). How 'Panda Diplomacy' Led To Conservation Success [Film; online video]. Science Friday. https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/panda-diplomacy-conservation/

ANALYSIS/POLICY

1. Lechner, A. M., Owen, J. R., Tritto, A., Horstman, A., Teo, H. C., Tan, C. M. and Ahima, C.A., 2019. Making the Belt and Road Environmentally Sustainable in Southeast Asia Perspectives. 110. Retrieved from https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/ISEAS_Perspective_2019_110.pdf
2. Lechner, A. M., Owen, J. R., Tritto, A., Horstman, A., Teo, H. C., Tan, C. M. and Ahima, C.A., 2019. The Belt and Road Initiative: Environmental Impacts in Southeast Asia. Trends in Southeast Asia. 18. Retrieved from https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/2419
3. Tan, C. M. (2020). Infrastructure investment and China's image problem in Southeast Asia. The Asia Dialogue, March 18 2020. Retrieved from https://theasiadialogue.com/2020/03/13/infrastructure-investment-and-chinas-image-problem-in-southeast-asia/
4. Tan, C.M. (2024). Panda diplomacy: what China's decision to send bears to the US reveals about its economy. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/panda-diplomacy-what-chinas-decision-to-send-bears-to-the-us-reveals-about-its-economy-224295
5. Tan, C.M. (2024). Two upcoming elections are likely to tip the 188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@ of power between China, India and the US. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/two-upcoming-elections-are-likely-to-tip-the-188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@-of-power-between-china-india-and-the-us-226868
6. Tan, C.M. (2024). Why is China risking US sanctions by arming Russia? Survival. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-is-china-risking-us-sanctions-by-arming-russia-survival-228333
7. Tan, C. M. (2024). Orangutan diplomacy: why Malaysia's scheme is attracting criticism before it starts. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/orangutan-diplomacy-why-malaysias-scheme-is-attracting-criticism-before-it-starts-230150
8. Tan, C. M. (2024). Mengapa diplomasi orang utan Malaysia menuai kritik sebelum dimulai?. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/mengapa-diplomasi-orang-utan-malaysia-menuai-kritik-sebelum-dimulai-233915
9. Tan, C. M., & Zhang, C. (2024). Kim-Putin deal: why this is a coded message aimed at China and how it worries Beijing. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/kim-putin-deal-why-this-is-a-coded-message-aimed-at-china-and-how-it-worries-beijing-232863
10. Tan, C. M. (2024). China needs to pick a side, and it just might pick the west. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/china-needs-to-pick-a-side-and-it-just-might-pick-the-west-234021
11. Tan, C.M. (2024). What does China want from the next US president? The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/what-does-china-want-from-the-next-us-president-240516
12. Tan, C.M. (2024). Why China is worried about a second Trump presidency - and how Beijing might react. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-china-is-worried-about-a-second-trump-presidency-and-how-beijing-might-react-243134
13. Tan, C.M. (2024). Why China might need the rest of the west more as Trump arrives in the White House. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-china-might-need-the-rest-of-the-west-more-as-trump-arrives-in-the-white-house-246923
14. Tan, C.M. (2024). Trump's quiet change to US position on Taiwan is all about the economy. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/trumps-quiet-change-to-us-position-on-taiwan-is-all-about-the-economy-250106
15. Tan, C.M. (2024). How Beijing plans to bounce back against Trump's tariffs. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/how-beijing-plans-to-bounce-back-against-trumps-tariffs-253086
16. Tan, C.M. (2024). China has identified how to fight back against Trump's tariffs and is not ready to back down. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/china-has-identified-how-to-fight-back-against-trumps-tariffs-and-is-not-ready-to-back-down-255325
17. Tan, C.M. (2024). China-US trade war: the next 90 days are a big deal for Beijing as it seeks long-term solutions. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/china-us-trade-war-the-next-90-days-are-a-big-deal-for-beijing-as-it-seeks-long-term-solutions-256535

Current 188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@

I am a political economist by training and have expertise in Chinese soft power, as well as social and cultural psychology. Much of my work looks at how the intersection between politics and culture influences political or economic outcomes. My expertise have been sought by media outlets and think tanks related to Chinese soft power and the Belt Road Initiative.

Recent work looks into how

1. panda diplomacy influence inbound Chinese tourists

2. vaccination and governmental confidence influences vaccination intent

3. work-family conflict and culture impacts individual happiness

Future 188体育网址_188体育在线-【唯一授权网站】@

I'm presently writing several articles on panda diplomacy. One of them involves the late 2023 panda recalls, and what motivates Beijing's silence and intentions of sending more bears to California,

• 2024. Return of China's panda diplomacy with US signals warming of ties after years of tension Available at: <https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/panda-china-us-san-diego-bilateral-relations-tech-industry-4169101>
• 2024. Panda diplomacy: what China's decision to send bears to the US reveals about its economy The Conversation.
• 2023. Some of the last giant pandas in the US are leaving next month. But the National Zoo is betting $1.7 million the bears will be back.: Quoted by Kelsey Vlamis of The Insider
• 2023. There are only 4 pandas left in the US after China took the other bears back — and they won't be here for long: Quoted by Grace Eliza Goodwin of The Insider
• 2023. Why is China taking back its giant pandas from the U.S., other countries?: Quoted by Dennis Romboy of Deseret News
• 2023. Xi Jinping hints that pandas may return to California zoos: Quoted by Eva Terry of Deseret News
• 2023. China wants its pandas back. Here’s what the loss of the symbolic animal means for U.S.-China relations: Quoted in Deseret News by Margaret Darby
• 2023. China's Adorable Diplomats: I was interviewed by Aaron Mc Nicholas from the Wire China.
• 2023. How ‘Panda Diplomacy’ Led To Conservation Success: I was interviewed by Rasha Aridi of Science Friday.
• 2023. Panda Diplomacy: Interviewed by Sarah Dingle of ABC NewsRadio from Sydney Australia
• 2023. Panda diplomacy, advertisers shun the Melbourne Cup & nations agree on "loss & damage" fund: Interviewed by Andy Park of ABC Listen in Australia. Available at: <https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/radionational-drive/rn-drive/102960000>
• 2023. With return of three pandas to China, U.S. could soon have none: Interviewed by Larissa Gao of NBC News
• 2023. China is taking back all pandas in the US. Will they ever return?: Interviewed by Stephanie Libergen of Scripps News
• 2023. China takes back pandas from zoos in U.S., U.K.: Interviewed by Leo Sands of The Washington Post Available at: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/28/pandas-returning-china-dc-zoo/>
• TSEN, MUNG KHIE, GU, MANLI, TAN, CHEE MENG and GOH, SEE KWONG, 2023. Homeworking And Employee Job Stress and Work Engagement: A Multilevel Analysis from 34 European Countries SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH. (In Press.)
• TAN, CHEE MENG, OWUAMALAM, CHUMA, SARMA, VENGADESHVARAN J. and NG, PEK KIM, 2023. Confidence in COVID-19 vaccines moderates the association between vaccination status and mental distress STRESS AND HEALTH.
• OWUAMALAM, C. K., TAN, CHEE MENG, CARICATI, L., RUBIN, M. and SPEARS, R., 2022. Cultural Group Norms for Harmony Explain the Puzzling Negative Association between Objective Status and System Justification in Asia. European Journal of Social Psychology.
• TAN, CHEE MENG, OWUAMALAM, CHUMA KEVIN and SARMA, VENGADESHVARAN, 2022. Improving vaccination intent among skeptics through confidence in governments' handling of the COVID-19 pandemic ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA. 225,
• GU, MANLI, TAN, CHEE MENG, HO, YEE SEN and LIU, LI, 2022. Work-family conflict and happiness: the moderating role of national culture EVIDENCE-BASED HRM-A GLOBAL FORUM FOR EMPIRICAL SCHOLARSHIP.
• 2022. Inside a U.S. Rep’s ‘Deeply Troubling’ Brush With China’s Panda Diplomacy: I was interviewed by William Bredderman of the Daily Beast.
• TSEN, MUNG KHIE, GU, MANLI, TAN, CHEE MENG and GOH, SEE KWONG, 2021. Does flexible work arrangements decrease or increase turnover intention? A comparison between the social exchange theory and border theory INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY.
• TSEN, M. K., GU, M, TAN, C. M. and S. K. GOH, 2021. Effect of Flexible Work Arrangements on Turnover Intention: Does Job Independence Matter? International Journal of Sociology. 1-22
• TAN, C. M., OWUAMALAM, C. K. and NG, P. K, 2021. Stay at home, protect the NHS and save lives! Confidence in government moderates the negative effects of staying at home on mental health. Personality and Individual Differences. 179, 110948
• OKAFOR, L., TAN, C. M. and KHALID, U., 2021. Does Panda Diplomacy Promote Chinese Outbound Tourism Flows? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 49, 54-64
• 2020. China's belt and road: an environmental disaster for Southeast Asia? . South China Morning Post. 01/01/1900 00:00:00
• TAN, C. M., 2020. Infrastructure investment and China's image problem in Southeast Asia
• LECHNER, A. M., OWEN, J. R., TRITTO, A., HORSTMAN, A., TEO, H. C., TAN, C. M. and AHIMSA, C. A., 2019. The Belt and Road Initiative: Environmental Impacts in Southeast Asia Trends in Southeast Asia. 18,
• LECHNER, A. M., OWEN, J. R., TRITTO, A., HORSTMAN, A., TEO, H. C., TAN, C. M. and AHIMSA, C. A., 2019. Making the Belt and Road Environmentally Sustainable in Southeast Asia Perspectives. 110,
• CHEE MENG TAN, YOONG HON LEE and PEK KIM NG, 2018. National Identity and Social Welfare Theoretical Economics Letters. 8(10), 1665-1673
• CHEE MENG TAN and VENGADESHWARAN SARMA, 2018. National Identity, Revolt and Taxation Theoretical Economics Letters. 8(14), 2972-2986
• CHEE MENG TAN, 2015. Nationalism Increases the Perception of Democracy In: Midwest Political Science Association Annual Conference in Chicago.
• CHEE MENG TAN, 2014. Is Nationalism a Double-edged Sword In: Australian Political Studies Association Annual Conference.
• 2014. Identity in Insurgencies: Nationalism and Social Class Identification in Revolutions, Coups and Repression In: European Economic Association Annual Conference, Toulouse, France.
• 2014. Identity in Insurgencies: Nationalism and Social Class Identification in Revolutions, Coups and Repression, Canadian Economic Association In: Canadian Economic Association Annual Conference, Vancouver, Canada.
• CASTRO, ALFONSO, KWON, JOHN and TAN, CHEE MENG, 2007. INFINITELY MANY RADIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A SUB-SUPER CRITICAL DIRICHLET BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM IN A BALL ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
• CHEE MENG TAN, Dataset for Confucius Institutes Version 1.0 https://sites.google.com/site/cheemengtan/data.
• With return of three pandas to China, U.S. could soon have none: Interviewed by Larissa Gao of NBC News Available at: <https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pandas-national-zoo-china-rcna123456>
• China is taking back all pandas in the US. Will they ever return?: Interviewed by Stephanie Liebergen of Scripps News Available at: <https://scrippsnews.com/stories/china-is-taking-back-all-pandas-in-the-us-will-they-ever-return/>
• China is taking back all pandas in the US. Will they ever return?: Interviewed by Stephanie Libergen of Scripps News Available at: <https://scrippsnews.com/stories/china-is-taking-back-all-pandas-in-the-us-will-they-ever-return/>